2.
   2023
/  

[ (i):     |
(   )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      
2.       '   
-
3. 
     ?
4.   (-)      
-
5.           
2.
6.             
-
7.   '    
8.      :
() 
()   
()  
() 
2.
   2023
/  

[ (i):     |
(   )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      
:        |
 
    
   -   ? 
   
 '   "" 
 
 -   , 
   ,
  
     ,     
   , 
    ,    -   
 : "  " 
    '          
  ,   , , , ,  ,    
    ,     
       
  
          '     
 ,            -   
  

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     ?
       
       
     
 
2.
 :

    

 -    , 
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"    "
   !
     
   ,  , , , ,  -
         -     
󽇐  
      ' ,    ,    
  '   
󷄧󷄫      
    
              
:

       

        
 
  : "      "
        , 
   
 
   -     
 ()      
 '  
󷄧󷄬    '  
    '  
     :

  

   
2.

  

   
   
, "    "    :


  -    ,    
 ,             
 
 ,      
 
󷄧󷄭  ,   

   
  100%    
   :


...   ,   '  

?

        
: 
 , "    ," 
 
       
         !    
    , ,    ,      
 
       
         =   
󷄧󷄮     
      
 
       
  

 :
2.
  ,    
    
   '   
:    100°C '     
      
 ' 
        ,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"  "
   ,   
 
        ,
 
    
 
󷄰󷄯       
          
 
-   , 

 :
  ?
     ?
       ?
:
   
   ,      
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
      
󷄧󷄱     
       

 :
- 
- 
- 
       
 , 
   
2.
:      '    
  
        
 ,           
󷄧󷄲  -  
    

     
:
    
      
        
-,    
    , , ,        -
- ,  
󷄧󷄳    
  ,   
    
 :
    
    
     
:          ...  
  
  
       
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"    "
󷄧󷄴     
    
2.
       
;        

 , ,  ,  ,      ...   
 
  :

  

    

    

  '  
      
󷊻󷊼󷊽    
 ?

  : "     ?"
,  !
    :
  
   
  
   
  
  
        , 
     
󽇐     
       
       ,   ,
- ,              
           
2.
2.       '   
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
  -  ,  ,     -    
              
               
 ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    -      

,                
     
 ,     , "     

,"        ( )   ( )
     ,    '     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
           :
1.  
     
;     
 ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "     
 "    -
        
2.   
        
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "       "      
  
3.     '
     
;  , ,     '
 
   '         
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              ,   
  : "         "
4.   
  , ,        

   
  ,    

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "     "        
   
5.   
     ,  
       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "    "   ,    
: "       
 "
6.   
             
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "      
    "
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
    ,       :
1.   
   '    ,     
 

        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "   - 3   ,      
 "     
2. 
           
   
  ,      
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "      "  
,    
3.    
           
        
     
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "    ' 100°C '  "      
4. 
        
        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "        
 "  
 
5. 
       
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      ,        :
"      
 "
6.   
            
 
      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "    ,       "  
    
7. 
            
 ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "      
 "    
8.  
     '    
2.
     '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: "      
 "    '
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.  :     
2.    :      
    
3.   :    
 
4.  :        
5.     :-    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
           , , ,
   '        ,  , , ,
, , , ,      
-
3. 
     ?
:          '    
    
""   ,       
               ,
     ,            
      
;    ' ,    
    
          , 
       
         
   ?
 ,  , ,         , 
          ,   ,   , 
             :

       ?
      
 ?
2.

        ?

            
,     
 ?
  , , ,  ,        
        ,        
      ,    
   
            ,    ,
             ,   
            '    
(      )     ,    

 ,        -    
    
 ,          
 -    ,
       
    
         ()       
  ,      ,     ,   
     ,      
 -     
     

    ? (  )
        

     

 
         '       
  :
1.  ()
   - , , ,    - 
  
  ,  
  ,       
2.  ()
    
  '            
 ,     
   ' 
,    
   
3.  ()
  
      ,     
         
     

2.
4.   ()
        , , ,  

 
,           
 - 
          -       
   "  
  ,"      
 :
1.  -   
: "   "
2.  - 
"
   "
3.  - 
"    ,    ,   "
4.  - 
"       "
5.  - 
" ,    "
    ,          
      
        
      

;    
      
            :
  
    
    
    
     ,    
     
  ,       , ,  
 '                
        -    
   
        '    ,   
   ,    
,  
   
2.
             

    
             
          '     
             
    (  ) ,  
    -
     
    

          -   , 
 
   :
 
         , 
    
 
         ,  
    
      ,         
      ,     '   
 ,     
 -    
   
  
, ,        ,     
  
 :
- 
   
    
   
   
             

                
             
        ,         
 ,  ,         
 
    ,    
    ,     
 -
 ,        
2.
4.   (-)      
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ()   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
    ,   ,       
         ,  ( 6
  )
        -  -   
  ,  (384–322  )  ,  -   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,      :  
   ,     -     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  ()      :
1.  ():      
o :    
2.  ():       
o : 
    
3.  ():      
o :     ,    ,   
4.  ():       
o :    ,       
5.  (): 
o :  ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '   ,     
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
   -    :
1.  :   
o :     '   
2.  :     
o :    
3. :  
o :  ,    
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  -    ,      '  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   

  ()
  ()

 (, , ,
, )
 ( ,  ,
)

, , --

, , 
 
  ()  
  
;  


  '   
 
   

     
   
   
   


 -  
  
   
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 

- (
  ) '  
 , ,       
       '   

  '  
  ,      ' 
      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
 :
1.     ()
2. 
     ()
3.     ,    ,    ()
4.    ,        ()
5.  ,     ()
 :
2.
1.     '    ( )
2.  '   ( )
3.  ,     ()
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          ,      
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 
, -- 
    
    
 
   
     
  
  
    

   
  
 ;     
     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
           
  -- 
 ,   ,   
,      -       
  
     ,   '   ,    
  -   -     
   '  ,       
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
           
,    '   ,        ' 
    ,  
    -        
:    
-
5.           
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   ?
                
             :
         ?
 , , ,        ?
        ?
       ?
           ?
  ,    
     "    
"    
      
;  , ,  
          
  
  "" 
;

"  " 
󷇰󷇯   
 ?
,           ,    ,   
,     ,     ,      
,      ,          
  ,         
:
         
          

           
2.
        
 
          
   ,           
,       
󷊆󷊇   
            ,   -
  ,    -         

󷄧󷄫      
                
,
, , ,       
   ,   
        
󷄧󷄬   
,                  
 ( ,     
    )   

                   
           ,     
 ,      
󷄧󷄭 
      
  , ,  ,
,               
,          
󷄧󷄮  
   '            ,  
         ,     
  

     
󷄰󷄯      
     
      : " 
         ?"
2.
    ,          
   
     
󽁔󽁕󽁖   
      ,        
        
󽆶󽆷1.     
 , , ,          
  
 ,    ,        
         :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
              , 
    
󽆶󽆷2.  -  (-)
      '          ,
,                 
   
        ,      

󽆶󽆷3.     
      
    
 :
       
      
      
       
    ,         
 

2.
󽆶󽆷4.    
 ,          
  
             
,        
 
󽆶󽆷5.     
    :
 
 
 
  '  
 ,        ,   

 
󽆶󽆷6.   
        :
      
       
        
           
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
     
;          

       
         
    '       
    , 
    ;  
   ,  
   
 
2.
    , 
 :
     
,       
     
    
            
                 
   , ,        
 , 
        
 -     
      
6.             
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
      
 -          
 ,    ,            
  
   ,             ,
   ,    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :                 
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
1.     
             : , , ,
  
   ()     ( )   

 
           ,  
    ,     
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              

2.
2.   ' 
       -   , ,      

 -         
              
,       ,    - 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         ,       
         
3.   
    
 
 
       
            
( ) '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
     ,  
    
 
        ,    


4.   

       
  - , , ,   
     ,      70%  
     ,      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:                 
5.   
      ,        
         
   (  
    
 )  ,  
 


󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
    ,  
      
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
1.   
           
2.
 , 
       
 , 
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,         
       
2.    
            
 ,     
      
 
      ,     
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
  
-    
3.  
      
              
,  
    
    -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:                

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.  
             
     ,       
2.  
       
     ,    
      ,     
-  
3.  
      - ,       
   
     ,        
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
       ' - 
      (,   ),   (, )
    
    ( , 
 ),       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       ,     
 '  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.    :          
 
2.   ' :  ,     ,   
    
3. :     ,    , ,  
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
              ,   
  ,         
   
 ,  
- ;  
        , 
      
-
7.   '    
:    
 
""   ,         
    
,  ,            

-         '         
            
  
       
;   ,    ,  
    
        
2.
󷇮󷇭      ?
    ,  ,  ,      
       
         
             ,     
       

    
         
           ,      
       
      
󷩡󷩟󷩠 :    ?
           1945 ,  
       '       

   ,   ,        ,
               
   '       
  ,           ,    
,
         ,     
   
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶    
    ,    '      :
 
  ( )
           
   
    ,     ' 
,       
            ,      
  ,               
         
 , , , , , , ,        
             
2.
󹲒󹲓󹲔󹲕    
?
       
 
   ,     
       
1.  
              
            

2.  
     :
o        
o    
 
o         
o       
3.  
 ,          ,    ,
     
4.  
         '      
   ,      ,       
             
    '       
󺆅󺈉󺈊󺈇󺈋󺈌󺈈󹞝  
,           ,     :
1. 
               
   " "   
2.  
   -   -  -  - 
               
  
3. 
         ,       , 
        :
o  (1986) 
o  (2011)      ,  
 ,     
2.
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲    
                
   
1.   
         '   ,
 :
o  -  (NPT)
o  --  (CTBT)
2.  
               
 
3.  
       (IAEA)   
                

,          
,   ,      
 
󺛒󺛓󺛔󺛕󺛖󺛗󺛤󺛘󺛙󺛚󺛛󺛜󺛝󺛞󺛟󺛠󺛡󺛢󺛣󺛥 
  ?
     
     
,     
    , ,       
                 , 
       
󷄧󼿒
  ,             
;           ,   ,
              ,   
     ,   ,   ,  
             -  
,     -   
                  
     
;          
2.
8.      :
() 
()   
()  
() 
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    : ,   ,  ,
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
         - ,     
         ,  ,    
          
;     

            
  , 
      ,         
    ,    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼() 
  ?
            
            ,   ,
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :      
 -   

 ,       
  
     
   
 -  
  -  '     
        
  
,          
   - ,   
2.
    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:               
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼()   
 -   
 ,         :
1.  
,         
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
 
2.  
  -,         
 
    
   -  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
3.  
,       -     
    
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
4.  
, ,    
  ,      
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
5.  
             
   
 ,   -   
6.  
2.
    -    
  ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 1986          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼()  
  ?
     , ,  -       
            ( )     (
)   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :           ,   
 '   
  
:,        
:, ,   -
:, ,    
 :, ,     
  
1.  -:        -   

2.  ' :, ,     '    
3. :        ,   
  
4.  :,          

5.  :           
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             -

 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼() 
  ?
    '           
  
   ,           
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    '      
  
:       
:      (   )
:         
 :          
   
1.   :     ,      
2. :            
3.   : -  -  - 
    
4.   :       
 
5.   :       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 1.4      ,   ,   
        
   
        
    
 
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  :   ,   - 
 
 
  :     ,   -  
     
  :          (
  )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,   
          
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
    
      
2.
       -   , , -, 
 
               
     
        
  - (),  () ,    -  ( )
,            ,     
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
,             
        ,     
,               
   :           
"              
 
       ,       
 "